The Propulsion Lab
Welcome to the Propulsion Lab — where we break down the physics behind every launch, spin, and stable orbit.
Physics in Motion
The Science of Spin
A Hands on STEM Experience
Spinning tops are classic physical systems that demonstrate core principles of mechanics in a clear, observable way.
UFO Tops transform abstract concepts — torque, inertia, conservation laws — into something tangible. Instead of equations on a board, the physics unfolds in real time with every spin.
They are used not just as collectibles, but as engaging tools for STEM education, experimentation, and exploration.
What Determines How Long a Top Spins?
4 factors:
- Mass Distribution (Rim Weight)
- Surface Friction
- Tip Geometry
- Launch Force & Technique
Why Does a Spinning Top Wobble?
- Gravity pulls it over
- Angular momentum resists
- Result = circular precession
What looks like instability is actually controlled physics.
Lab Observations
- Heavier rim designs increase spin time by X–Y%
- Polished tips reduce friction heat buildup
- Hard surfaces outperform soft surfaces
Best Surfaces for Maximum Spin
Rank surfaces:
- Glass
- Polished metal
- Granite
- Wood
- Soft desk pads
Heavier Isn’t Always Better
Important nuance:
- Too heavy = harder launch
- Too light = shorter spin
- Proper balance = optimal performance
Why It Feels Hypnotic
Why Watching a Top Spin Feels Calming
- Predictable motion
- Visual symmetry
- Rhythmic decay
- Focused attention
Angular Momentum & Rotational Stability
When a top spins, it possesses angular momentum, a vector quantity that describes rotational motion. According to the conservation of angular momentum, a spinning object resists changes to its orientation. This resistance is what allows a spinning top to remain upright instead of falling over under gravity.
Angular Momentum
L=IωL
Where:
- I = moment of inertia
- ω = angular velocity
A larger moment of inertia (more rim weight) allows the top to resist slowing down.
Higher rotational speed and symmetrical mass distribution increase stability, producing longer and smoother spins.
Center of Mass & Mass Distribution
A spinning top’s behavior is heavily influenced by the position of its center of mass. By carefully controlling the geometry and internal mass distribution of each top, stability and spin efficiency are optimized.
Small variations in balance can dramatically alter performance, which is why precise machining and tight tolerances are essential.
Friction, Energy Loss, & Spin Time
All spinning systems lose energy due to friction and air resistance. UFO Tops are engineered with finely tuned contact points to minimize friction between the top and its base, reducing energy loss and extending spin duration.
The shape of the tip, surface finish, and contact area all play critical roles in how efficiently rotational energy is preserved.
Precession & Gyroscopic Motion
As a spinning top slows, it exhibits precession — a gradual wobbling motion caused by the interaction between gravitational torque and angular momentum. This motion is a hallmark of gyroscopic systems and is commonly studied in physics and engineering.
Observing precession in a spinning top provides a tangible demonstration of rotational dynamics at work.
Why Precision-Machined Metal Matters
Metal offers density, rigidity, and uniformity that are difficult to achieve with other materials. Precision machining allows UFO Tops to be manufactured within tight tolerances, ensuring consistent performance and repeatable results.
The increased mass also enhances angular momentum, contributing to longer spin times and greater stability.
Just as UFO sightings provoke questions about what lies beyond our understanding, spinning tops invite inquiry into the fundamental forces that govern motion. Each spin is an opportunity to observe physics in action — precise, repeatable, and endlessly fascinating.
Now that you understand the science, see how each model performs — explore the fleet below!